Welcome to DOPING.nl, the Anti-Doping Knowledge Center

Prolonged occurrence of cocaine in human saliva and urine after chronic use / Edward J. Cone, William W. Weddington, Jr.

• Journal of Analytical Toxicology 13 (1989) 2 (March-April), p. 65-68
• PMID: 2733393
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/13.2.65

Abstract

Cocaine was detected by immunoassay in saliva and urine of chronic cocaine addicts for 5-10 days during abstinence. Confirmation by a less sensitive but highly specific GC/MS assay of unmetabolized cocaine was successful in saliva through the first 24 h of collection and for the initial 4-5 days in urine. Cocaine saliva concentrations and subject scores for cocaine craving and depression declined during this time and correlated significantly. The presence of unmetabolized cocaine in these biofluids long after the last drug administration suggests that multiple dosing and high exposure to cocaine in man leads to accumulation in deep body compartments and subsequent slow release back into circulation and eventual excretion. The prolonged presence of cocaine in saliva and urine may have implications in testing for cocaine use and in treatment of cocaine withdrawal.

Urinary excretion of cocaine and benzoylecgonine following oral ingestion in a single subject / R.C. Baselt, R. Chang

• Journal of Analytical Toxicology 11 (1987) 2 (March-April), p. 81–82
• PMID: 3573730
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/11.2.81

Abstract

A 25 mg oral dose of cocaine HCl given to a single volunteer resulted in a peak urinary cocaine concentration of 269 ng/mL at 1 h, and a peak benzoylecgonine concentration of 7,940 ng/mL at 12 h. Urine benzoylecgonine concentrations remained in excess of 300 ng/mL for 48 h. We conclude that small, oral doses of cocaine, potentially undetectable to the user, may cause positive urine test results for at least 48 h using routine detection methods.

Cocaine and benzoylecgonine excretion in humans / H.E. Hamilton, J.E. Wallace, E.L. Shimek Jr, P. Land, S.C. Harris, J.G. Christenson

• Journal of forensic sciences 22 (1977) 4 (October), p. 697-707
• PMID: 370332University of Texas System (UT System)
  
  

Abstract

Maximal urinary excretion of unchanged cocaine occurred within 2 h of the intranasal absorption of 1.5 mg/kg body weight of cocaine hydrochloride, and diminished rapidly thereafter. Excretion of benzoylecgonine was maximal 4 to 8 h following administration of the drug and diminished slowly over an interval of several days. Peak cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations observed were 24 and 75 microgram/ml, respectively. Benzoylecgonine/cocaine ratios were too varied to allow estimation of cocaine concentrations from benzoylecgonine concentration data or vice versa. Benzoylecgonine concentrations generally exceeded the corresponding cocaine values by a wide margin, but excretion of free cocaine in the absence of benzoylecgonine was observed in one subject. Cocaine was generally detected for only approximately 8 h, and for a maximum of 12 h, whereas benzoylecgonine was generally detected by chromatographic or enzyme immunologic assays for 48 to 72 h. Benzoylecgonine was positively identified in urine by raidoimmunoassay for 96 to 144 h after dosing.

iNADO Update (2024) 03/04 (23 April)
Institute of National Anti-Doping Organisations (iNADO)

Contents:

Building a Supportive Community

• Paris 2024 Paralympic Games- Anti-Doping Programme to NADOs
• iNADO Collection Campaign: NADOs Visual/Video Materials
• The International Conference on Doping and Public Health, June 17-18th in Stockholm

Improving Practice Everywhere

• Scheduled webinar
• Webinar WADA Groups Summary and Recording 
• 2024 Workshop summary, feedback and PPT links
• Informed Sport - Supporting the Anti-doping Community 

Speaking Up for NADOs & RADO Globally

• Recent Media Reports about Chinese Swimmers
• Newly Elected iNADO Governing Board - Message from Anders Solheim (iNADO Chair)
• AFLD Visit to iNADO's Office

Guiding Principles

• Guiding Principles Online Form

Monthly Features

• Prepared for What is to Come - by departing CEO Jorge Leyva 

iNADO Sponsors & Partners

Report of the Independent Observers 19th Asian Games
Hangzhou, China 2022 / Independent Observer Team. - Montreal : World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 2024

Report of the WADA Independent Observers : 3rd European Games, Kraków-Małopolska, Poland 2023 / Independent Observer Team. - Montreal : World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 2024

In August 2023 Sport Ireland reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Cocaine. Following notification a provisional suspension was ordered and the Athlete filed a statement in his defence.

The Athlete explained with evidence that prior he underwent medical treatment in a hospital and had used prescribed medication. Nevertheless Sport Ireland determined that his prescribed medication was permitted and that his medical treatment could not explain the presence of Cocaine in his sample. 

Hereafter the Athlete admitted the recreational use of Cocaine in June 2023. Thereupon the Athlete failed to respond to Sport Ireland's communications, nor provided corroborating evidence that his use of Cocaine had occurred out-of-competition.

In October 2023 Sport Ireland established that the Athlete failed to dispute the asserted anti-doping rule violation within the set deadline. Accordingly Sport Ireland deemed that the Athlete has admitted the anti-doping rule violation, to have waived a hearing, and to have accept the proposed sanction.

Therefore Sport Ireland decides on 20 December 2023 to impose a 4 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 3 August 2023.

In March 2024 the Athletics Integrity Unit (AIU), on behalf on World Athletics, reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Kenyan Athlete Celestine Chepchirchir after her sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Testosterone and its metabolites.

Following notification the Athlete timely admitted the violation, waived her right for a hearing, accepted a provisional suspension and the sanction proposed by the AIU.

The AIU deems that the Athlete failed to establish that the violation was not intentional. Because she had signed and submitted the Admission of Anti-Doping Rule Violations and Acceptance of Consequences Form she received a 1 year reduction from the AIU.

Therefore the AIU decides on 19 April 2024 to impose a 3 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 26 March 2024.

In October 2023 the Athletics Integrity Unit (AIU), on behalf on World Athletics, reported multipe anti-doping rule violations against the Ethiopian Athlete Zerfe Wondemagegn.

The AIU established that the Athlete's samples, provided in August, in September and in November 2023, tested positive for the prohibited substances Recombinant Erythropoietin (RhEPO) and Testosterone with its metabolites.

Following notification the Athlete timely admitted the violation, waived her right for a hearing, accepted a provisional suspension and the sanction proposed by the AIU.

The Athlete explained with evidence that she underwent medical treatment in a clinic in Ethiopia and that in July 2023 EPO had been administered as treatment for her diagnosed anemia and kidney infection. Yet, she could not explain the presence of Testosterone in her sample.

The AIU deems that the Athlete failed to establish that the violation was not intentional and that there are aggravating circumstances present in this case. Because she had signed and submitted the Admission of Anti-Doping Rule Violations and Acceptance of Consequences Form she received a 1 year reduction from the AIU.

Therefore the AIU decides on 19 April 2024 to impose a 5 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 20 October 2023.

In January 2024 the Athletics Integrity Unit (AIU), on behalf on World Athletics, reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Kenyan Athlete Mueni Mutua after her sample tested positive for the prohibited substances Trimetazidine and Testosterone and its metabolites.

After notification the Athlete failed to respond. Hereafter the AIU established that its prior correspondence had been submitted to and incorrect e-mail address for the Athlete. Thereupon the AIU reissued the notification in April 2024.

Following the new notification the Athlete timely admitted the violation, waived her right for a hearing, accepted a provisional suspension and the sanction proposed by the AIU.

The AIU determines that the Athlete failed to establish that the violation was not intentional. Further it deems that there are aggravating circumstances present in this case that justifies the imposition of a more severe sanction.

Because the Athlete had signed and submitted the Admission of Anti-Doping Rule Violations and Acceptance of Consequences Form she received a 1 year reduction from the AIU.

Therefore the AIU decides on 12 April 2024 to impose a 5 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 29 January 2024.